The course on Microbial Physiology is an elective for Master's students in Biology. This course is a continuation of the Bacteriology and Applied and Environmental Microbiology courses. At the beginning of this course, students are expected to already understand and explain the scope of microorganisms. By the end of the course, students should be able to relate the scope and context of microbial cell structure, host-pathogen interactions, and bacterial cell communication to everyday life. They should also understand the principles of pathogenesis and immune defense against microbial pathogens, antimicrobial agents used in the treatment of infectious diseases, analyze sequencing results for bacterial identification, and demonstrate the relationships between bacteria, metabolism, and pathogens causing diseases in animals and humans